Thailand, once hailed as a beacon of democratic progress in the late 1990s, has endured a volatile journey over the past two decades. Military coups, judicial dissolutions of political parties, and the erosion of democratic values have damaged the country’s political landscape. However, recent trends and electoral outcomes suggest that democratisation is growing in Thailand. The pro-democracy forces, represented by the Pheu Thai Party (PTP) and the Move Forward Party (MFP), have gathered significant support from the Thai people, signalling a desire for change and a more representative constitutional order. Thailand’s revival of democracy has implications not just for the nation itself but also for democracy in Southeast Asia as a whole.
In the late 1990s, Thailand transitioned from military-authoritarian rule to a democratic system. However, this progress was undermined by the rise of Thaksin Shinawatra and his political party, which eroded democratic institutions. Military coups in 2006 and 2014 and the dissolution of Thaksin’s parties and elected politicians further weakened democratic institutions. Despite these challenges, the PTP and MFP have emerged as resilient political forces, consistently gathering support from the Thai people.
The enduring popularity of the PTP is exemplified by its track record. Despite being dissolved twice, the party won elections in 2011 and 2019 and came in second place with 141 seats in the 2023 elections. This demonstrates that Thai voters reject pro-military parties and do not wish to see the return of military authoritarianism.
The MFP’s rise is even more noteworthy. Emerging from the dissolution of the Future Forward Party, the MFP advocates for structural reforms in the military, monarchy, economy, and governance. Despite facing significant obstacles, such as losing critical leaders to pro-military parties and parliamentary strength, the MFP has grown stronger and continues to sympathise with the Thai people. MFP managed to win a total of 152 seats in the 2023 elections, becoming the largest party in parliament. The MFP’s rise signifies a significant shift in Thai politics, moving beyond the traditional populist policies associated with Thaksin-aligned parties. Its progressive agenda has reshaped Thai politics and paved the way for a more inclusive and accountable political future.
The MFP is a pivotal force that brings about significant changes in Thai politics. Unlike previous elections centred around populist policies, the MFP’s focus on structural reform has resonated with the electorate. The party’s rise has shifted the political landscape, challenging traditional institutions to embrace a more inclusive and fair future. The MFP’s success has also prevented a mere repetition of Thaksin-aligned parties winning the vote, promoting the need for genuine reforms.
The encouraging development of political parties in Thailand suggests a path toward democracy has opened. If the MFP, or its successor parties, continue to gain strength while the PTP moves towards a centre-right position, a reformed military and monarchy could be firmly constitutionalised under a new charter drafted by representatives of the people.
Thailand’s democratic revival is not just about politics but also about the economy. The potential of Thailand’s economy has been dampened due to cronyism and monopolies, which has suppressed competition and innovation. The success of reformist parties like MFP provides an opportunity to confront these challenges. Liberalising markets by breaking up monopolies encourages Thailand to meet its full economic potential, attract foreign investment, and create more opportunities for its citizens. Moving forward, Thailand must address cronyism, corruption, and economic stagnation.
Thailand’s democratic resurgence holds significance beyond its borders. The triumph of pro-democracy parties in the face of military-authoritarian rule sends a strong message to neighbouring countries grappling with similar challenges. The success of the Move Forward Party, in particular, emphasising liberal values and reforms, inspires democrats in the region. It serves as a boost for Asian democracy and the condemnation of authoritarian regimes. The declining appeal of authoritarianism, fuelled by Chinese coercion, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, and the incompetence of authoritarian leaders, is evident in various countries across the region.
While challenges and uncertainties lie ahead, the overall trajectory of Thailand’s democracy is clearly positive. The country’s journey toward democratic consolidation and the rise of progressive parties like the MFP inspire hope and serve as a powerful example for other nations in the region.
As Thailand navigates its path towards a more representative and fair democracy, it paves the way for a regional shift toward accountable governance and inclusive political systems. The Thai people’s unwavering support for pro-democracy parties sends a clear message: military authoritarianism can be overcome, and people’s will can prevail.
